For almost every developing country, inter¬national financing is an inevitable source of building or maintaining a transport system, major key of economic development. The World Bank plays a fundamental role in that field. To explore on a historical perspective the actual support this international institution has brought to L.D.C's, our article investigates official data relating to the ten or twenty past years. Where it is shown that transport is not always a prioritary target in the international financing of projects in developing world, particularly in times of economic recession.
Urban transportation planning and analysis is undertaken with a new approach integrating an informational perspective to traditional synthetic modeling. A totally disaggregate and multi-dimensional (territory, network, travel demand) approach is imbedded into the MADITUC (Model for the Disaggregate Analysis of Urban Transit Trips) system, contributing to a wider spectrum of urban travel analyses and issues, such as : network resources' estimation, transit trip assignation, modal shift modeling, fare integration and service coordination, market analysis, socio-demographic trends.
Since the mid-1980s there has been a rapid to diesel-engine cars and a significant increase in road traffic in France. Are these two phenomena related?- detailed data show that a diesel vehicle replacing a petrol one has a higher annual mileage (and a petrol vehicle replacing a diesel one has a lower mileage), but that the total mileage of the household remains almost constant;- the distribution of total annual mileage for both diesel and for petrol vehicles has remained almost unchanged since 1985.Therefore, the growth in the proportion of diesel vehicles is the principal explanatory — most of the behavourial factors have remained stable.
Numerous functions are competing to occupy street space, especially traffic, access (to estates), stopping, and parking. These different functions may be analyzed separately. But they have strong interactions, by generating more or less important trouble one upon another. Thus, a hierarchy of these functions may be observed according to their strength. For example, without coercive enforcement, parking is stronger than traffic, because it is motionless.A microscopic analysis, on a given cross-section of a street and at a given moment, of the demand of the main functions, and the way they work, allows to express the different external social costs generated by the street functions one upon another. Thus, it is possible to distinguish between direct congestion costs beared by traffic, indirect congestion costs beared by traffic due to parking saturation, trouble costs of driving movements, parking saturation costs, and other social costs. Integrating these varied effects in space and time needs some care, since the demand of the different functions greatly fluctuates in space and time, and events occurring at different moments or in different places may interact, and at last some phenomena have both time and space dimensions, such as congestion waves. As a result, time and space distribution of these social cost is not at all homogeneous. These circumstances render the use of models more difficult to define efficient control strategies, either by means of pricing, or by means […]
The objective aims at verifying the hypothesis according to which the expert system technology in transport geography must first be seen as a set of complementary techniques, for it is only by underlying the degree to which a computer is required for solving problems, that the use of an expert system will be favored. The case of Shanghai demonstrates the complexity of such undertaking.
In this report are described the theoretic and operative characteristics of a dynamical distributive model of the parking demand in urban environment in relation to temporal variability of system of supply.The model is illustrated in its variable and functional components; some particular care is dedicated to the settlement of generalized cost function connected with System of supply and demand and with development of distributive process.A practical application lastly is supplied with in order to furnish the analysis of the model with a real example.
The object of this article is to define the « taxi » term. This definition can be outlined by analysis about notions of transport activity, public and service. They allow us to envisage a distinction between taxi and others urban transport modes.This definition can be completed by a deepening of the service notion, which authorizes us to qualify the taxi transport service as ambiguous and also to determine both taxi types.