This submission describes the changes affecting transport in urban areas and, after setting out the causes, examines the effects. It then specifies what the objectives of urban transport planning should be and indicates certain measures that can be taken to achieve these objectives, such as making better use of existing resources, investment, and a joint transport/land-use approach.
Increasing criticism is being leveled at the system of public monopoly of urban public transport as described in the first part of this study. Various attempts are being made to break away from this system and these are described in the context of the current changes and innovations in the organization of urban transport. Two approaches have been adopted in the endeavours to improve performance: to reform the public monopoly while maintaining the basic principles or to question its fundamental aspects. Those in favor of each of these two options have put forward various arguments which are here analyzed in depth.
On the basis of statistical records for twenty public transport networks in French towns the author sets out a number of observations concerning the effect of the size of the networks. The information provided by these statistics is used to ascertain the main lines of the transport policies to be implemented in medium-sized towns. While the size effect suggests that the public transport System should remain on a reasonable scale in medium-sized towns, it also has to be borne in mind that such towns have the most promising reserves of both potential users and productivity.
This submission first describes the regulatory and financial changes introduced by the 1985 Transport Act liberalizing urban transport, and it then examines the actual extent of competition on the road among bus services after deregulation. It is found that such competition has remained fairly limited in scope. The initial effects of deregulation are shown by examining in turn the costs savings, fares, levels of service and reliability, patronage, problems arising in connection with minibuses, implications for the railways, traffic congestion, etc.
Major thoroughfare of world shipping, the Suez Canal goes on playing an important role for hydrocarbons, even if these are now weighting less than in the past in its day to day operations.A methodology is proposed to study oil flows according to their origins and destinations. It is based upon orientation indexes and shows how complex are commercial transactions polarized by the Egyptian waterway.
The search for high risk groups requires the computation of accident data and road exposure data, often expressed as kilometers travelled. The aim of this paper is to analyze, from a car diary survey, driver's behaviour with regards to distance covered and driving speed. Homogenous classes of risk exposure have been identified from the links between different parameters in a multi-criteria analysis. These classes are described by the aim of the journey and social characteristics of the drivers (profession, age, sex, type of the car used), as their car use is very different.
Cars are a mobile source of pollution. The two main aspects are emission of pollutants and noise and these are the ones having most attracted scientifics and public authorities’ attention.Environment and public health undergo the consequences. The importance and the effects of these types of pollution are better known nowadays (after a few years of research and inquiries).After having presented the nature and evolution of pollution due to cars we will go into theirs effects on man and environment.
We present in this paper a generation-distribution-modal choice model that simulates the Canadian domestic traffic of 64 commodity groups between 67 geographical zones. The generation-distribution model is formulated as an optimization program with an entropy type objective function and a set of input/output linear constraints. Moreover, the model does not use fixed market share coefficients as in conventional input/output analysis, but allows variations of market shares induced by modification of transportation costs. The modal choice model is a Box-Cox logit.
Local passenger transport firms of the family-run type are now facing a stage of restructuration. The firm history weight is acting as a brake for change. This paper presents the results of a sociological research with two-fold aims - on the one hand to collect the story told by the carriers and on the other hand to look for the hidden meanings. One important result is that carriers' wives activities and their idea of marketing strategies are strongly innovative.
The a posteriori evaluation of public policies, having an increasing interest in France, is made in France since the seventies, following actions of development of public transport. Corresponding originally to a demand of Government, the « follow-up» of great projects has been used progressively by local responsable people for managing the success of their investments. On the contrary, the works of critical evaluation - questioning by « why » rather than by « how » - has not been able to impose itself, taking into account the constitutional and intellectual context privileging a priori evaluation. Hence the synthetical statement of an «evaluation without judgment».